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Diabetes in America, 3rd Edition
Chapter 21: Epidemiology of Ocular Functions and Diseases in Persons with Diabetes

Figure 21.1 -- Pie chart showing that the relative proportion of persons with low vision attributed to diabetic retinopathy varied by race/ethnicity, with the lowest estimated prevalence in whites.

Figure 21.2 -- Pie chart showing that the relative proportion of persons with blindness attributed to diabetic retinopathy varied by race/ethnicity, with the lowest estimated prevalence in whites.

Figure 21.3 -- Line graph showing that between 1987 and 1994 the overall age-standardized prevalence rate of blindness caused by diabetes increased 28%.

Figure 21.4 -- Bar chart and line graph showing that between 1997 and 2010 the number of adults with self-reported diabetes and visual impairment increased, while the age-adjusted percentage decreased.

Figure 21.5 -- Bar chart showing that for a specific duration of diabetes, persons recently diagnosed had a lower prevalence of visual impairment compared to patients diagnosed in earlier periods.

Figure 21.6 -- Box plot showing that those with a shorter duration of type 1 diabetes read fewer letters incorrectly during the 25-year period than those who had a longer duration of diabetes at baseline.

Figure 21.7 -- Bar chart showing that estimates of annual incidence of any and severe visual impairment were similar except for the last period in 1994 to 2007, where it was markedly lower.

Figure 21.8 -- Line graph showing that, overall, the incidence of blindness caused by diabetes remained stable between 1987 and 1994.

Figure 21.9 -- Line graph showing that those with poorer visual acuity were more likely to have lower vision-related quality of life than those with better visual acuity.

Figure 21.10 -- Line graph showing that, while adjusting for duration of diabetes, there was a lower prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in those diagnosed with type 1 diabetes more recently.

Figure 21.11 -- Bar chart showing that for persons with diabetes, the crude prevalence of both minimal and mild-to-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was lowest among non-Hispanic whites.

Figure 21.12 -- Bar chart showing that the progression, incidence, and improvement of diabetic retinopathy were lower in persons who were examined more recently than those examined earlier in the study.

Figure 21.13 -- Bar chart showing that the incidence of macular edema was lower in persons with type 1 diabetes who were examined more recently than those examined earlier in the study.

Figure 21.14 -- Line graph showing that with increasing duration of type 1 diabetes, a higher proportion of those with diabetic retinopathy have proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 21.15 -- Line graph showing that the prevalence of any retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes increases with duration of diabetes.

Figure 21.16 A -- Bar chart showing that persons with type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed a strong relationship of glycemia, as measured by A 1 c, to the incidence of diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 21.16 B -- Bar chart showing that persons with type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed a strong relationship of glycemia, as measured by A 1 c, to the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 21.16 C -- Bar chart showing that persons with type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed a strong relationship of glycemia, as measured by A 1 c, to the progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 21.17 A -- Cumulative incidence graph showing a significant reduction in risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy by three or more steps in the primary prevention group.

Figure 21.17 B -- Cumulative incidence graph showing a significant reduction in risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy by three or more steps in the secondary prevention group.

Figure 21.18 -- Bar chart showing that persons with diabetes 40 years old or older were more likely to report cataract than persons of similar age without diabetes.

Figure 21.19 -- Line graph showing that the prevalence of cataract determined at an ophthalmologic examination increased with increasing age, regardless of diabetes status.

Figure 21.20 -- Line graph showing that the 10-year incidence of glaucoma varied with age for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Figure 21.21 -- Line graph showing that the 10-year incidence of glaucoma increased with increasing duration of diabetes for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.